Turkey has 208 universities and more than 6 million students, and state universities charge international students – EU citizens included – €250–700 a year for a bachelor's, according to Study in Europe. Private (foundation) universities cost €4,000–20,000 a year, and a student spends around €400–800 a month. Find out how to apply directly to a university and when you can get a work permit.
How long: with a master's degree at least 240 ECTS (8 semesters, at most 12); with a bachelor's degree at least 300 ECTS (10 semesters, at most 14).
Your status: you study independently or work as a research assistant at the university.
How to get in: with a thesis-based master's – an ALES score of at least 55; with a bachelor's – a GPA of at least 3.00/4.00, an ALES score of 80 and at least 55 in a central foreign-language exam.
Where to look: doctoral positions and calls are published on the websites of universities and their doctoral schools and on EURAXESS.
Sources: Eurydice – national description of third-cycle (PhD) programmes (updated 19 May 2025). As of October 2026.
Sources: European Commission – Study in Europe (education.ec.europa.eu/study-in-europe), Eurostat, official national study and residence portals and authorities, Eurodesk, enic-naric.net, studentnews.eu. As of September 2026.
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